P-Phenylenediamine-Derived Quinones as New Contributors to the Oxidative Potential of Fine Particulate Matter

Abstract

Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been linked to multiple adverse outcomes, where redox-active species-induced oxidative stress is recognized as an important driver of its biotoxicity. Previous studies have proven that the oxidative potential (OP) is a relevant metric for specific acute PM2.5health effects and is associated with various toxicants, especially organic quinones. However, discrepancies between OP induced by the known components and its total levels caused by PM2.5remain. Here, we investigated the OP values of a suite of emerging contaminants, five p-phenylenediamine-derived quinones (PPD-quinones), in PM2.5using the acellular dithiothreitol (DTT) assay and evaluated their contributions to the total PM2.5-induced OP in five megacities in China. N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q), a highly toxic quinone responsible for "urban runoff mortality syndrome", was found to exhibit moderate OP with a DTT consumption rate of 1.70 μM min-1μM-1. Meanwhile, it is noteworthy that the estimated OP contribution of the five PPD-quinones was 2.9 ± 2.7% of the total PM2.5-induced OP. This is the first study that reveals a considerable OP induced by the emerging PPD-quinones in urban PM2.5. The data improve our understanding of the toxicity of both PM2.5and PPD-quinones, which is illuminating for further assessment of the environmental risk they pose.