Beetroot leaf extract enhances gut motility in a model of loperamide-induced constipation in male rats: A phytopharmacological study

Abstract

Constipation is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by infrequent and difficult bowel movements, hard stool consistency, and delayed intestinal transit. The present study evaluated the phytochemical profile and physiological effects of the aqueous extract of beetroot leaves (AEBL) in a rat model of Loperamide (LOP)-induced constipation. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 6): two controls (normal and constipated) and four constipated groups receiving either increasing doses of AEBL (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg, b.w.) or yohimbine (YOH; 2 mg/kg, b.w.) as a reference prokinetic agent. Treatments were administered orally 1 h after LOP intoxication for seven consecutive days. The phytochemical screening revealed that AEBL is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and betalains. Antioxidant assays (DPPH and ABTS) demonstrated strong radical scavenging activity. In vivo, the oral administration of AEBL showed no signs of toxicity or abnormal behavior in rats, with an LD50 greater than 2000 mg/kg bw. Additionally, AEBL significantly improved stool frequency and gastrointestinal motility, reduced oxidative stress, restored antioxidant defenses, rebalanced serum electrolytes, and attenuated LOP-induced inflammation. Histological analysis confirmed enhanced mucosal integrity and preservation of colonic architecture. These results support the potential of beetroot leaf extract as a natural, multi-targeted therapeutic strategy for alleviating constipation and associated gastrointestinal dysfunctions.