Advancements in heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production: A critical review

Abstract

Biodiesel production as a renewable energy alternative has garnered global attention due to its potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependency on fossil fuels. Heterogeneous catalysts have emerged as a promising solution in the transesterification process of vegetable oils and animal fats into biodiesel, offering advantages in separation and reusability. This critical review explores recent advancements in the development of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production, focusing on various types of catalytic materials, synthesis methods, and the reaction mechanisms involved. Metal-based catalysts and zeolites, as well as organic and inorganic materials, are discussed in the context of efficiency, stability, and cost. The review also highlights the challenges of industrial implementation and the potential of material and synthesis innovations to overcome them. By summarizing the latest research findings, this study aims to offer comprehensive insights to scientists and practitioners in the renewable energy field, thereby accelerating the adoption of biodiesel as a sustainable energy source.