Is there an apparent diffusion coefficient threshold in predicting tissue viability in hyperacute stroke?

Abstract

Background and Purpose - Rapid and precise identification of the penumbra is important for decision-making in acute stroke. We sought to determine whether an early and moderate decrease in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) may help to identify, within the diffusion/perfusion (DWI/PWI) mismatch, those areas that will eventually evolve toward infarction. Methods - We reviewed 48 patients not treated by thrombolytics who had a DWI/PWI within 6 hours after onset, with infarct evolution documented by follow-up magnetic resonance on days 2 to 4. We calculated absolute values for ADC and the ADC ratio (ADCr) in (1) the initial DWI hypersignal; (2) the final volume of the infarct, ie, the follow-up fluid-attenuated inversion recovery abnormalities; (3) the infarct growth (IGR) area; and (4) the oligemic area (OLI) that remained viable despite initial hemodynamic disturbance. We tested the value of the ADC to predict tissue outcome by using discriminant analysis. Results - ADC values were marginally but significantly decreased in the IGR area (ADC 782±82×10-6 mm2/s, ADCr 0.94±0.08) compared with mirror values (P=0.01) and with OLI (ADC 823±41×10-6 mm2/s, ADCr 0.99±0.07; P=0.001). Of all quantitative DWI and PWI parameters, the ADCr best discriminated between IGR and OLI (F1,50=13.6, cutoff=0.97, 64% sensitivity, 92% specificity) and between the final volume of infarct and OLI (F1,83=219, cutoff=0.91, 91% sensitivity, 100% specificity). Conclusions - A simple approach based on ADC alone may allow the identification of tissue at risk of infarction in acute-stroke patients.