Urinary metals and adipokines in midlife women: The Study of Women's Health Across the nation (SWAN)

Abstract

Background: Information on the associations between metal exposures and adipokines in human populations is limited and results are inconsistent. We evaluated the associations between metals and adipokines. Methods: Urinary concentrations of 15 metals (arsenic, barium, cadmium, cobalt, cesium, copper, mercury, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony, tin, thallium, and zinc) were measured in 1999–2000 among 1228 women of the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation Multi-Pollutant Study. Serum adipokines including high molecular weight (HMW)-adiponectin, leptin, and soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R) were measured at the follow-up visit (2002–2003). Linear regression models with adaptive elastic-net (AENET) were fit to identify metals associated with adipokines and to compute estimated percent changes in adipokines for one standard deviation increase in log-transformed urinary metal concentrations. Results: After adjustment for confounders, urinary molybdenum was associated with a 5.54% higher level (95% CI: 1.36%, 9.90%), whereas cadmium was associated with a 4.53% lower level (95% CI: −8.17%, −0.76%) of HMW-adiponectin. Urinary molybdenum was also associated with a 5.95% lower leptin level (95% CI: −10.15%, −1.56%) and a 2.98% (95% CI: 0.69%, 5.32%) higher sOB-R level. Urinary cesium and lead were associated with a 3.58% (95% CI: −6.06%, −1.03%) and a 2.53% (95% CI: −4.80%, −0.21%) lower level of sOB-R, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that molybdenum was associated with favorable profiles of HMW-adiponectin, leptin, and sOB-R. Exposures to cadmium, cesium, and lead were associated with adverse adipokine profiles.