Inflammatory Reprogramming Mediates Changes in Three-Dimensional Strain Capacity and Cardiac Function in Beagle Dogs with Doxorubicin-Related Cardiomyopathy

Abstract

Background: The cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin (DOX) limits its use in cancer treatment. To address this limitation, we developed a novel animal model that uses beagle dogs to investigate DOX-induced cardiac disorders. Unfortunately, the lack of effective cardioprotection strategies against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity poses a significant challenge. To establish a canine model for low-mortality DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction and explore the relationship between inflammatory reprogramming and DOX-related cardiotoxicity. Methods: Twenty male beagle dogs aged two years were randomly assigned into the DOX (N = 10) and control (CON) (N = 10) groups. DOX was infused (1.5 mg/kg) every two weeks until doses cumulatively reached 12 mg/kg. Serum biomarkers and myocardial pathology were evaluated, while real-time fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTFQ-PCR), two- and three-dimensional echocardiography (2DE and RT3DE), functional enrichment, and matrix correlation were also performed. Results: In the DOX group, high-sensitive cardiac troponin T (hs cTnT) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were significantly increased. Myocardial pathology indicated early to medium myocardial degeneration via a decreased cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area (CSA). Increased levels of inflammatory gene transcripts (interleukin 6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), interleukin 1 (IL1), interleukin 1β (IL1β), and interleukin 8 (IL8)), of collagen metabolism and deposition regulatory genes (matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP) family), and the natriuretic peptide family (NPS) (natriuretic peptide A, B and C (NPPA, NPPB, and NPPC)) were observed. Strain abnormalities in the right ventricular longitudinal septal strain (RVLSS), right ventricular longitudinal free-wall strain (RVLFS), left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS), and left ventricular global circumferential strain (LVGCS) were detected at week 28 (vs. week 0 or CON group, p < 0.05, respectively). A significant decline in RVLSS and RVLFS occurred at week 16, which was earlier than in the corresponding left ventricular areas. A significant right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) decline was noted at week 16 (vs. week 0, 33.92 ± 3.59% vs. 38.58 ± 3.58%, p < 0.05), which was 12 weeks earlier than for the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), which occurred at week 28 (vs. week 0, 49.02 ± 2.07% vs. 54.26 ± 4.38%, p < 0.01). The right ventricular strain and functional damages correlated stronger with inflammatory reprogramming (most R from 0.60 to 0.90) than the left ones (most R from 0.30 to 0.65), thereby indicating a more pronounced correlation. Conclusions: Inflammatory reprogramming mediated disorders of strain capacity and cardiac function predominantly in the right side of the heart in the newly established DOX-related cardiomyopathy beagle dog model.