Quantum-private distributed sensing

Abstract

Quantum networks can enhance both security and privacy conditions for multi-user communication, delegated computation, and distributed sensing tasks. In distributed quantum sensing, it is often desirable to extract only global information from a network of sensors while keeping individual sensor values hidden. Private parameter estimation (PPE), a recently proposed protocol, formalises this requirement by defining a notion of privacy that bounds information leakage about local parameters while allowing estimation of a global function. Here, we present a proof-of-principle implementation of PPE using a three-photon Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state distributed across three sensors and verified via stabiliser measurements. We demonstrate Heisenberg-limited scaling for the global parameter while suppressing local metrological information by up to three orders of magnitude, establishing both the privacy and precision performance of the protocol. This work, which integrates privacy in distributed quantum sensing, marks a crucial step towards developing advanced quantum-secure-and-private protocols in complex quantum networks.