Development, validation and application of a gas chromatography method for the determination of dillapiole from Piper aduncum essential oil in skin permeation samples

Abstract

The essential oil extracted from the leaves of Piper aduncum has antifungal, insecticidal and antibacterial activity. Studies with its main compound, dillapiole (DIL) revealed antibacterial and anti-inflammatory potential. Despite all this bioactivity, there is no updated report on the development and validation of analytical and bioanalytical methodology to quantify DIL in skin samples. A selective, precise, accurate and adequate method for the determination of DIL in solutions, porcine ear skin samples and receptor fluid was developed and validated by headspace extraction–gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (HS–GC–FID). HS–GC–FID was applied to determine DIL in Franz cell permeation and retention studies using porcine ear skin samples. In the HS–GC–FID method, matrix-related interferences were not observed at the peak of the DIL retention time. The results showed a high recovery (>97%) after the extraction procedure, allowing the quantification of DIL in complex matrices. In vitro permeation/retention for DIL showed cumulative amounts permeated in the order: receptor fluid (21.98 ± 1.19 μg/cm2) > epidermis (15.40 ± 1.20 μg/cm2) > dermis (9.52 ± 1.13 μg/cm2). HS–GC–FID was successfully validated and the results point to DIL transdermal permeation and to the potential to develop pharmaceutical formulations for skin delivery to treat inflammation or infections.