0964 Sleep Paralysis and Hypnogogic/Hypnopompic Hallucinations: Prevalence in Student Athletes and Relationship to Depressive Symptoms

Abstract

Introduction: Student athletes are known to demonstrate high rates of common sleep symptoms. Less common sleep symptoms that are more prevalent in younger adults, such as sleep paralysis and hyp-nogogic/hypnopompic hallucinations, have not been studied. In particular , their role in mental health, independent of insufficient sleep duration or insomnia, has not been evaluated in this group. Methods: Data were collected from N=189 NCAA Division-I student athletes. They were asked how often they experienced the following: "When I am first awakening, I feel like I can't move" (sleep paralysis) and "When falling asleep or waking up, I experience scary, dream-like images" (hypnogogic/hypnopompic hallucinations). These were coded as "Never," "Rarely (≤1/month)" or "Often" (≥1/week)They were also asked about sleep duration and administered the Insomnia Severity Index and the Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Regression analyses examined depression score as outcome and sleep symptom as predictor in models adjusted for age and sex, as well as age, sex, insomnia severity, and sleep duration. Results: Sleep paralysis "Rarely" was reported by 18% of the sample and "Often" was reported by 7%. Hypnogogic/hypnopompic hallucinations "Rarely" was reported by 24% of the sample and "Often" was reported by 11%. In age-sex adjusted models, compared to "Never," sleep paralysis "Rarely" and "Often" were associated with higher depression score (Rarely: B=4.6, 95%CI[1.9,7.3], p=0.001; Often: B=5.8, 95%CI[1.8,9.8], p=0.004). Similarly, hypnogogic/hypnopo-mpic hallucinations "Rarely" and "Often" were associated with higher depression score (Rarely: B=5.1, 95%CI[2.7,7.6], p<0.0001; Often: B=6.5, 95%CI[3.2,9.9], p<0.0001). In models adjusted for insomnia and sleep duration, all relationships were attenuated but remained significant. Conclusion: Sleep paralysis and hypnogogic/hypnopompic hallucinations are prevalent in student athletes and are independently associated with depression symptoms. Introduction: Depression often occurs following acute coronary syndrome (ACS; myocardial infarction or unstable angina). Both ACS and depression are associated with disturbed sleep. Poor sleep following an ACS event may be a risk factor for depression. Methods: The Reactions to Acute Care and Hospitalization (REACH) study is an observational cohort examining how psychosocial factors contribute to psychiatric and medical outcomes in patients seen in the emergency department for an ACS event. This analysis included 262 REACH patients (age: 61.24 ± 13.07 y, 47% female). One month after discharge,