Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 SU Residue 195 Plays a Role in Determining the Preferential CD4 + T Cell Immortalization/Transformation Tropism

Abstract

Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) mainly causes adult T cell leukemia and predominantly immortalizes/transforms CD4 + T cells in culture. HTLV-2 is aleukemic and predominantly immortalizes/transforms CD8 + T cells in culture. We have shown previously that the viral envelope is the genetic determinant of the differential T cell tropism in culture. The surface component (SU) of the HTLV-1 envelope is responsible for binding to the cellular receptors for entry. Here, we dissect the HTLV-1 SU further to identify key domains that are involved in determining the immortalization tropism. We generated HTLV-1 envelope recombinant virus containing the HTLV-2 SU domain. HTLV-1/SU2 was capable of infecting and immortalizing freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in culture. HTLV-1/SU2 shifted the CD4 + T cell immortalization tropism of wild-type HTLV-1 (wtHTLV-1) to a CD8 + T cell preference. Furthermore, a single amino acid substitution, N195D, in HTLV-1 SU (Ach.195) resulted in a shift to a CD8 + T cell immortalization tropism preference. Longitudinal phenotyping analyses of the in vitro transformation process revealed that CD4 + T cells emerged as the predominant population by week 5 in wtHTLV-1 cultures, while CD8 + T cells emerged as the predominant population by weeks 4 and 7 in wtHTLV-2 and Ach.195 cultures, respectively. Our results indicate that SU domain independently influences the preferential T cell immortalization tropism irrespective of the envelope counterpart transmembrane (TM) domain. We further showed that asparagine at position 195 in HTLV-1 SU is involved in determining this CD4 + T cell immortalization tropism. The slower emergence of the CD8 + T cell predominance in Ach.195-infected cultures suggests that other residues/domains contribute to this tropism preference.