Forearm Fractures in Older Children and Adolescents: ORIF is Safer Than IMN With Equivalent Outcomes

Abstract

Background: Greater understanding of the impact of skeletal maturity on outcomes is needed to guide operative treatment of diaphyseal forearm fractures in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to compare the complications and outcomes of pediatric diaphyseal forearm fractures treated with intramedullary nailing (IMN) or open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) and to identify a radiographic marker of skeletal maturity that will aid in selecting between treatment options. Methods: A retrospective review of patients aged 10 to 16 years treated operatively for diaphyseal forearm fractures was performed. Markers of skeletal maturity including the olecranon apophysis score, the presence of the thumb adductor sesamoid, and radial epiphyseal capping. Complications were graded with the modified Clavien-Dindo system. Outcomes were scored based on final postoperative range of motion combined with complication grade. Results: A total of 260 patients were included: 163 treated with IMN, 97 treated with ORIF, mean age 12.7 years, 72% male. Among closed forearm fractures treated with IMN, open reduction was required in 45% (53/118). Patients treated with IMN had a higher complication rate than ORIF (27.0% vs. 9.3%, P<0.05), including when stratified by age. Complication rates were not impacted by greater skeletal maturity as indicated by the presence of thumb sesamoid or radial epiphyseal capping. There was no significant difference in outcomes between the ORIF and IMN groups. More skeletally immature patients, as identified by a lack of either the thumb adductor sesamoid or radial epiphyseal capping, had significantly better outcomes with ORIF than patients with greater maturity. Conclusions: Across all age groups and levels of skeletal maturity, ORIF had a significantly lower rates of complications compared with IMN with equivalent outcomes. More skeletally immature patients had significantly better outcomes with ORIF treatment when compared with older patients. The thumb adductor sesamoid, radial epiphyseal capping, and the olecranon apophysis score did not provide useful information to select between ORIF over IMN in this population.