Application of Green Hydrogen in Transportation, Industry, and Power Generation: A Review

Abstract

Green hydrogen, produced through electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources, is emerging as a pivotal solution for decarbonizing sectors traditionally reliant on fossil fuels. In transportation, hydrogen fuel cells offer a viable alternative for heavy-duty vehicles, trains, and maritime vessels, providing longer ranges and faster refuelling compared to battery-electric options. Notably, hydrogen-powered trains have been introduced in regions like northern Italy and California, demonstrating practical applications in rail transport. In the industrial sector, green hydrogen serves as a clean feedstock for producing chemicals such as ammonia and methanol, and as a reducing agent in steel manufacturing, significantly lowering carbon emissions. Companies like Thyssenkrupp are exploring hydrogen-based steel production to achieve substantial emission reductions. For power generation, green hydrogen can be utilized in fuel cells and gas turbines to produce electricity, offering a flexible and clean energy source. It also plays a crucial role in energy storage and grid balancing by converting surplus renewable energy into hydrogen, which can be stored and reconverted into electricity during peak demand periods. Despite challenges such as high production costs and infrastructure development, green hydrogen's versatility positions it as a cornerstone in the transition towards a sustainable and low-carbon energy future