Hibernal diapause of North American Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea

Abstract

Infonnationfrom 695 sources (mainly scientificjoumals) is presented on the life history stage in which 348 species of butterflies and skippers spend the winter in North America. Pamassius, Neophasia, mliny Theclini (especially Satyrium), most Lycaena, and a few others diapause as eggs. Coliadinae, Satyrinae, most Nymphalidae, Riodininae, two Lycaena of Palearctic affinity, many Plebejini, and most Hesperiidae diapause as larvae. Most Papilionidae, Pierinae, many Theclini (especially CaUophrys) , many Polyommatini, and a few others diapause as pupae. Danaus p/exippus, Anaea andria, Nymphalis, Polygonia, and some Vanessa diapause as adults. Records from Japan and Britain are very similar. The boreal or arctic-alpine species which have a two-year life cycle generally pass the first winter as a young larva, the second winter as a mature larva. The life history stage in which winter is passed significantly influences the time of flight of adult broods during the year.