Graphene: A State-of-the-Art Review of Types, Properties and Applications in Different Sectors

Abstract

Being one of the most lightweight, toughest, and most flexible materials in the world, having exceptional mechanical, electrical, thermal, and tribological properties, makes graphene and its several based materials crucial applicants for biomedical, medical, aerospace, automotive, electrical, energy, sensing, food, and other industrial sectors. Graphene is classified as a carbon allotrope, with one-thick-atom planar sp2 layers of attached carbon atoms tightly loaded within a crystal honeycomb lattice. Various techniques to produce graphene were established over a brief period of time, including top-down and bottom-up methods. Graphene itself can be used as a coating to improve other materials; likewise, it could be added to further composite materials. This review recaps the applications of graphene, its types, synthesis methods, and mechanical, tribological, and thermal characteristics, in addition to enhancement methods for graphene and its based materials.