Early Recognition of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Altered Profiles of Alpha-Fetoprotein

Abstract

Background: The sugar-chain structures of circulating alpha-fetoprotein in patients with hepatocellular carcinomas differ from those in patients with cirrhosis. We studied the reactivity of alpha-fetoprotein with two lectins, Lens culinaris agglutinin A and erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin, to monitor the evolution of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Methods: Among 361 patients with cirrhosis caused mainly by chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection, 33 with base-line serum alpha-fetoprotein concentrations ≥ 30 ng per milliliter were found to have hepatocellular carcinomas during a mean follow-up of 35 months. The lectin-reactive profiles of the alpha-fetoprotein in the serum of these 33 patients were analyzed and compared with those in the serum of 32 patients with cirrhosis who had increased base-line serum alpha-fetoprotein concentrations and were followed for at least 24 months but in whom hepatocellular carcinoma did not develop. Results: At the time of tumor detection, 24 (73 percent) of the 33 patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma had higher percentages of L. culinaris agglutinin A-reactive alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-fetoprotein L3), erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-fetoprotein P4+P5), or both than the 32 patients with cirrhosis but no hepatocellular carcinoma. Among the 24 patients, one or both of the markers were first elevated 3 to 18 months before the hepatocellular carcinoma was detected by imaging techniques. Conclusions: Measurements of the alpha-fetoprotein L3 and alpha-fetoprotein P4+P5 fractions of serum alpha-fetoprotein allow the differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma from cirrhosis in some cases and serve as predictive markers for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma during the follow-up of patients with cirrhosis., Hepatocellular carcinoma is the seventh most common form of cancer in men worldwide and the ninth most common in women 1 . In Japan, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma has increased steadily in the past 10 years, resulting in an increase in the mortality rate from 9.5 per 100,000 population per year in the period from 1968 to 1977 to 16.0 per 100,000 in the period from 1984 to 1985, 2 and it is now the third most common cancer in men and the fifth most common in women. Since the development of hepatocellular carcinoma is closely associated with chronic liver disease,… © 1993, Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.