The immunoregulatory role of vitamins A, D and E in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome

Abstract

Objective. The aim of the present study was to investigate the immunomodulating role of fat-soluble vitamins in 25 patients with primary SS (pSS) and 15 healthy individuals. Methods. Plasma levels of vitamins A, D and E were determined by HPLC. Peripheral NK, NK T cells, T- cell subsets, B cells, IL-10 producing Tr1 cells, CD4+CD25+ Treg cells and Th17 were determined by flow cytometry. Various Th1- and Th2-soluble cytokines were assessed by ELISA, whereas intracytoplasmic cytokines (IFN-g, IL-4, -10 and -17) were measured by flow cytometry. Correlation was assessed between vitamin levels and immunological and clinical parameters. Results. Vitamin A levels did not differ between patients and controls, yet in patients with extraglandular manifestations (EGMs) a significant decrease in vitamin A levels was apparent compared with pSS patients without EGMs (P = 0.005). Vitamin E levels were increased in patients compared with controls (P = 0.004), whereas vitamin D levels were similar in pSS and control subjects. In patients, vitamin A showed a positive correlation with both NK cell (P = 0.038) and Th17 cell (P = 0.025), and a negative correlation with Schirmer's test values (P = 0.035). Positive correlation was found between vitamin E and NK cells (P = 0.043), Th1 cells (P = 0.049) and the Th1/Th2 ratio (P = 0.043). In the control group, we found correlation between vitamin E and serum IL-10 levels (P = 0.003). Conclusions. Our data suggest that fat-soluble vitamins may be important in immunoregulatory processes in patients with pSS. © The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology.