Growth of Uniform Monolayer Graphene Using Iron-Group Metals via the Formation of an Antiperovskite Layer

Abstract

It has been generally accepted that iron-group metals (iron, cobalt, nickel) consistently show the highest catalytic activity for the growth of carbon nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene. However, it still remains a challenge for them to obtain uniform graphene, because of their high carbon solubility, which can be attributed to an uncontrollable precipitation in cooling process. The quality and uniformity of the graphene grown on low-cost iron-group metals determine whether graphene can be put into the mass productions or not. Here, we develop a novel strategy to form an antiperovskite layer using ambient-pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD), which, so far, is the only known way for iron-group metals to prepare uniform monolayer graphene with 100% surface coverage. Our strategy utilizes liquid metal (e.g., gallium) to assist iron-group metals to form an antiperovskite layer that is chemically stable throughout the higherature growth process and then to seal the passageway of carbon segregation from the metal bulk during cooling. With the advantage of forming antiperovskite structure, the uniform monolayer graphene can always be obtained under the variations of experimental conditions. Our strategy solves the problem about how to get uniform graphene film on high-solubility carbon substrate, to utilize the high catalytic activity of low-cost iron-group metals and to realize lowerature growth by chemical vapor deposition.