Phylogenetic Position of a New Trisetacus Mite Species (Nalepellidae) Destroying Seeds of North American Junipers and New Hypotheses on Basal Divergence of Eriophyoidea

Abstract

Eriophyoid mites of the genus Trisetacus Keifer are widespread parasites of conifers. A new oligophagous species, T. indelis n. sp., was discovered severely damaging seeds of North American junipers (Juniperus osteosperma, J. occidentalis, and J. californica) in the western USA. It has two codon deletions in the mitochondrial gene Cox1 rarely detected in Eriophyoidea and includes distinct morphological dimorphism of females. A phylogenetic analysis based on amino acid alignment of translated Cox1 sequences using a large set of out-groups (a) determined that two North American congeners, T. batonrougei and T. neoquadrisetus, were the closest known relatives of T. indelis n. sp., and (b) indicated that Old and New World seed-inhabiting Trisetacus from junipers do not form a distinct clade, suggesting a possible independent transition to living in seeds of junipers in America and Eurasia by Trisetacus spp. Our analysis produced a new topology consistent with a scenario assuming gradual reduction of prodorsal shield setation in Eriophyoidea and an ancient switch from gymnosperms to other hosts. Additionally, our analysis did not support monophyly of Trisetacus; recovered a new host-specific, moderately supported clade comprising Trisetacus and Nalepellinae (Nalepella + Setoptus) associated with Pinaceae; and questioned the monophyly of Trisetacus associated with Cupressaceae.