Early detection of acute graft-versus-host disease by wireless capsule endoscopy and probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy: Results of a pilot study

Abstract

Objective: Acute gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease (GI-GVHD) is usually diagnosed using endoscopic examinations and biopsies for conventional histology. The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether mini-invasive techniques such as probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) combined with wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) could detect early lesions of GI-GVHD prior to symptoms. Design: Fifteen patients undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) were prospectively examined with a small bowel WCE, duodenal and colorectal pCLE, and standard biopsies. Per study protocol, all these examinations were scheduled between day 21 and day 28 after allo-HSCT, independently of the presence or absence of digestive symptoms. Results: During follow up, eight patients developed acute GI-GVHD. Sensitivity of WCE, pCLE, and histology were 50, 87.5, and 50%, respectively. Specificity of WCE, pCLE, and histology were 80, 71.5, and 80%, respectively. We showed a positive correlation between the Glücksberg scoring system and WCE (rho = 0.543, p = 0.036) and pCLE (rho = 0.727, p = 0.002) but not with standard histology (rho = 0.481, p = 0.069). Conclusions: The results from this pilot study suggest that novel methods such as pCLE and WCE could be part of a mini-invasive algorithm for early detection of GI-GVHD.