Theory–Practice Gap Among Saudi Nursing Students and Interns: A Quantitative Study

Abstract

Background: The theory–practice gap—the disconnect between classroom knowledge and clinical application—remains a major concern in nursing education and can affect students’ confidence, competence, and readiness for practice. Aim: To assess the extent of the theory–practice gap among Saudi nursing students and interns and to identify perceived contributing factors. Design: A descriptive, cross-sectional quantitative study. Methods: A convenience sample of 408 nursing students and interns from 13 regions of Saudi Arabia participated between December 2022 and January 2023. Data were collected using a validated, self-administered questionnaire assessing learning, training, theory, and the gap between theory and practice. Descriptive statistics were computed using SPSS 29. Results: Among 392 complete responses, most participants recognized the existence of a theory–practice gap. While two-thirds agreed that simulation labs enhanced learning, fewer than half found them reflective of real clinical settings. About one-third reported weak coordination between academic and clinical instructors. Most students (83%) believed that the gap reduced confidence, and 88% emphasized the need for more qualified clinical instructors. Over 80% supported strengthening English preparation in the first year of study. Conclusion: A clear theory–practice gap exists among Saudi nursing students and interns, influenced by limited alignment between classroom and clinical instruction, inadequate simulation realism, and language barriers. Impact: Bridging this gap requires collaborative reforms including realistic simulation design, stronger faculty coordination, increased clinical supervision, and enhanced language support to improve student preparedness and strengthen the nursing workforce.