Risk factors for pedicle screw loosening: a comprehensive review

Abstract

Pedicle screw fixation is commonly used in spinal surgery; however, screw loosening is a frequent complication, and adversely affects both surgical outcomes and patient prognosis. This review focuses on pedicle screw loosening, discussing its underlying mechanisms, risk factors, preventive strategies, future perspectives, and controversial issues. The aim is to provide a comprehensive summary of current research in this field, offering valuable insights for both clinical practice and further investigations.