Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent Imaging and Intravoxel Incoherent Motion MRI of Early Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in a Rabbit Model

Abstract

Background: To evaluate the application of blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD)imaging and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on assessing early contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI). Materials: Sixty rabbits were randomly chosen to undergo iohexol (1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 [gI/kg], respectively; n = 15 for each group) or saline injection (n = 15). In each group, 6 rabbits underwent MRI at 24 h before injection and after injection of iohexol or saline (1 h and 1, 2, 3, and 4 days); meanwhile, out of the remaining 9 rabbits, 3 were chosen for MRI acquisition, and then they were killed at specific time points (1 h, 1 day, and 3 days, respectively). Results: The strong attenuation of pure molecular diffusion (D), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and perfusion fraction (f) was observed at 1 day, while pseudodiffusion coefficient (D∗) showed a significant decrease at 1 h after iohexol injection. A distinct elevation of apparent transverse relaxation rate (R2∗) reached the maximum levels on day 1, which was consistent with the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor. ADC, D, and R2∗ correlated well with histopathological parameters and biochemical parameters. Conclusion: BOLD combined with IVIM is effective to monitor renal pathophysiology associated with CIAKI.