Pain-related anxiety promotes pronociceptive processes in Native Americans: Bootstrapped mediation analyses from the Oklahoma Study of Native American Pain Risk

Abstract

Introduction: Evidence suggestsNative Americans (NAs) experience higher rates of chronic pain than the general US population, but the mechanisms contributing to this disparity are poorly understood. Recently, we conducted a study of healthy, pain-free NAs (n5155), and non-Hispanic whites (NHWs, n 5 150) to address this issue and found little evidence that NAs and NHWs differ in pain processing (assessed frommultiple quantitative sensory tests). However, NAs reported higher levels of pain-related anxiety duringmany of the tasks. Objective: The current study is a secondary analysis of those data to examine whether pain-related anxiety could promote pronociceptive processes in NAs to put them at chronic pain risk. Methods: Bootstrapped indirect effect tests were conducted to examine whether pain-related anxiety mediated the relationships between race (NHW vs NA) and measures of pain tolerance (electric, heat, ischemia, and cold pressor), temporal summation of pain and the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR), and conditioned pain modulation of pain/NFR. Results: Pain-related anxiety mediated the relationships between NA race and pain tolerance and conditioned pain modulation of NFR. Exploratory analyses failed to show that race moderated relationships between pain-related anxiety and pain outcomes. Conclusion: These findings imply that pain-related anxiety is not a unique mechanism of pain risk for NAs, but that the greater tendency to experience pain-related anxietybyNAsimpairs theirability toengagedescending inhibition of spinal nociceptionanddecreases theirpain tolerance (more so than NHWs). Thus, pain-related anxiety may promote pronociceptive processes in NAs to place them at risk for future chronic pain.