Assessment of Using Occlusal Splints Without Other Adjunctive Treatment Modules in the Management of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Literature

Abstract

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) significantly affect an individual's quality of life by limiting jaw mobility, causing chronic pain, and contributing to psychological distress. TMDs are more prevalent among adult populations and are reported more frequently in women than men. The multifactorial etiology of TMDs, including anatomical, physiological, psychological, and functional factors, contributes to the challenges of accurate diagnosis and effective management. Among the various treatment options, occlusal splints are widely used in clinical practice for their potential to alleviate symptoms. These devices are designed to alter the occlusal aspects of the teeth and redistribute jaw forces, aiming to reduce joint loading, minimize muscle tension, and protect against bruxism. However, despite their widespread use, the effectiveness of these treatments as the sole modality for TMDs remains a subject of considerable debate within the dental and medical communities. Therefore, this review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of occlusal splints in managing symptoms of TMDs and to determine their role in improving patient outcomes by synthesizing existing evidence from the literature. It will focus on key outcomes, including pain reduction, improved jaw function, and enhanced quality of life, in addition to the potential risks and benefits associated with their use. Occlusal splints may offer benefits in reducing pain and improving jaw function in the management of TMD, but their effectiveness as a standalone treatment remains uncertain, highlighting the need for individualized, multidisciplinary approaches and further research to define their optimal use.