Selective and sensitive electrochemical biosensing of superoxide anion production by biological systems: A short overview of recent trends

Abstract

Biologically, superoxide anion (O2/-) has been proposed to be directly or indirectly involved as a signaling messenger in vascular dysfunction. Measuring the local concentrations of this free radical in biological models is very difficult because of its high reactivity and fleeting existence. We report in this review selected significant examples of electrochemical micro electrodes and biosensors especially and appropriately designed for specific in situ determination of superoxide O2/- in biological systems. This report will address and illustrate the desirable characteristics and the diverse ranges of the fabrication of the electrochemical biosensors and introduce the readers to some significant examples of their applications in this field.