Evaluation of cocoa beans shell powder as a bioadsorbent of congo red dye aqueous solutions

Abstract

The use of synthetic dyes in the textile, leather, and paper industries is a source of groundwater pollution around the world. There are different methods for the treatment of wastewater that has been contaminated with dyes, among which adsorption with agro-industrial wastes is gaining relevance. In the present study, the adsorption capacity of cocoa bean shell powder was evaluated when it was used as a bioadsorbent for Congo red dye in an aqueous medium. A 24 central factorial design with central and axial points was proposed to determine the adsorption capacity. The factors that were studied were the adsorbent (0.06–0.15 g), Congo red (40–120 mg L−1), pH (3–11), and time (4–36 h). The bioadsorbent was characterized through scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of the factors on the adsorption capacity for Congo red using cocoa bean shell were nonlinear, and they were modeled with a second-order polynomial (p < 0.05) and with an R2 of 0.84. The bioadsorbent obtained a maximum adsorption of 89.96% in runs. The process of optimization by using the surface response allowed the maximization of the adsorption, and the validation showed that 95.79% adsorption of the dye was obtained.