Tissue Regeneration of Radiation-Induced Skin Damages Using Protein/Polysaccharide-Based Bioengineered Scaffolds and Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: A Review

Abstract

Radiation therapy, a highly effective cancer treatment that targets cancer cells, may produce challenging side effects, including radiation-induced skin tissue injuries. The wound healing process involves complex cellular responses, with key phases including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. However, radiation-induced injuries disrupt this process, resulting in delayed healing, excessive scarring, and compromised tissue integrity. This review explores innovative approaches related to wound healing in post-radiotherapy defects, focusing on the integration of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in protein/polysaccharide bioengineered scaffolds. Such scaffolds, like hydrogels, sponges, or 3D-printed/bioprinted materials, provide a biocompatible and biomimetic environment that supports cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. Various proteins and polysaccharides are discussed for beneficial properties and limitations, and their compatibility with ADSCs in wound healing applications. The potential of ADSCs-polymeric scaffold combinations in radiation-induced wound healing is investigated, alongside the mechanisms of cell proliferation, inflammation reduction, angiogenesis promotion, collagen formation, integrin binding, growth factor signaling, and activation of signaling pathways. New strategies to improve the therapeutic efficacy of ADSCs by integration in adaptive polymeric materials and designed scaffolds are highlighted, providing solutions for radiation-induced wounded skin, personalized care, faster tissue regeneration, and, ultimately, enhanced quality of the patients’ lives.