Circulating enterolactone concentrations and prognosis of postmenopausal breast cancer: assessment of mediation by inflammatory markers

Abstract

Higher lignan exposure has been associated with lower all-cause mortality (ACM) and breast cancer-specific mortality (BCSM) for postmenopausal breast cancer patients. However, the biological mechanisms underpinning these associations are still unclear. We investigated for the first time whether and to what extent the association between enterolactone (ENL), the major lignan metabolite, and postmenopausal breast cancer prognosis is mediated by inflammatory biomarkers. Circulating concentrations of ENL and inflammatory markers were measured in a population-based prospective cohort of 1,743 breast cancer patients recruited between 2002 and 2005 and followed-up until 2009. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CIs were estimated using multivariable Cox regression. Mediation analysis was performed to estimate the percentage association between ENL (log2) and ACM, BCSM and distant disease-free survival (DDFS), which is mediated by C-reactive protein (CRP) (log2), as the strongest potential mediator, and also interleukin (IL)-10. Median serum/plasma ENL and CRP concentrations for all patients, including 180 deceased patients, were 23.2 and 17.5 nmol/L, and 3.2 and 6.5 mg/l, respectively. ENL concentrations were significantly inversely associated with ACM, BCSM and DDFS (per doubling of ENL concentrations: HRs 0.93 [0.87, 0.99], 0.91 [0.84, 0.99] and 0.92 [0.87, 0.99]), after adjusting for prognostic factors and BMI. Estimated 18, 14 and 12% of the effects of ENL on ACM, BCSM and DDFS, respectively, were mediated through CRP. No mediational effect of IL-10 was found. We provide first evidence that the proinflammatory marker CRP may partially mediate the association of ENL with postmenopausal breast cancer survival, which supports hormone-independent mechanisms.