Learning motivation, learning environment, and motor ability in physical education outcomes: a systematic review

Abstract

Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) learning in elementary schools is influenced by students’ learning motivation, learning environment, and motor ability. This study employed a systematic review design following PRISMA 2020 guidelines to synthesize 10 national and international studies published between 2018 and 2025, with inclusion criteria: elementary school participants, PJOK-focused outcomes, and quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-method designs. Findings indicate that intrinsic motivation enhances student participation, persistence, and readiness; supportive learning environments improve engagement, comfort, and opportunities for meaningful practice; and motor ability serves as a fundamental prerequisite for mastering movement skills. The integration of these factors highlights the need for a comprehensive approach addressing psychological, environmental, and motor-development aspects. These findings provide an evidence-based foundation for developing more effective, developmentally appropriate PJOK instructional strategies.