Designing a Blockchain-Integrated Halal Traceability System: A Cross-National Framework for Global Halal Supply Chain Integrity

Abstract

The increasing global demand for halal products demands an integrated, transparent, and reliable halal supply chain system. However, major challenges remain due to the fragmentation of national halal standards, weak traceability systems, and limited interoperability between certification authorities in various countries. This study proposes the design of a blockchain-based halal traceability system with a cross-country framework to ensure the integrity of halal products globally. The system combines Internet of Things (IoT) technology, laboratory testing data, and smart contracts to enable automated validation from raw materials to retail distribution. Adopting theoretical approaches from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Institutional Theory, and Supply Chain Integration Theory, the model includes key actors such as regulators, certification bodies, and digital platforms to support the harmonization of the global halal system through the “Single Digital Halal Passport” mechanism and blockchain node exchange. Literature review and policy analysis from countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, GCC, and the European Union show various regulatory, technological, and institutional barriers, especially in developing countries. However, blockchain technology shows great potential in increasing consumer trust, ensuring data immutability, and automating halal verification.