Epidemiological Analysis of Cardiovascular Diseases with Consideration of Risk Factors, Health Awareness, and Preventive Behaviors in Civilian and Military Populations

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of death in both Poland and worldwide. Despite a decline in CVD-related mortality observed in Poland since 1991, national rates still exceed the European Union average. Methods: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the level of health awareness among Polish Armed Forces personnel, including both soldiers and civilian employees. A total of 308 participants (82.00% soldiers) underwent anthropometric measurements, lipid profile testing, and completed a structured questionnaire. Results: The results indicate a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors, such as overweight (30.30%), low physical activity (21.20%), and tobacco use (21.20%). Additionally, 54.00% of respondents reported experiencing stress, and 17.00% had elevated cholesterol levels. Statistically significant associations were found between selected parameters and gender, age, service corps, and occupational status. Despite a moderate level of knowledge regarding CVD, the majority of participants expressed a willingness to expand their understanding. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of early prevention and health education on cardiovascular diseases, especially in military environments where stress and lifestyle factors may contribute to increased risk.