Hlx homeo box gene is essential for an inductive tissue interaction that drives expansion of embryonic liver and gut

Abstract

The divergent murine homeo box gene H1x is expressed in restricted hematopoietic cell types and, during embryogenesis, prominently in visceral mesenchyme of the developing liver, gall bladder, and gut. Targeted disruption of the gene has now established that it plays a key role in visceral organogenesis. Embryos homozygous for the mutation died around embryonic day 15 with anemia and severe hypoplasia of the liver and gut. Liver ontogeny commenced normally with formation of the liver diverticulum and differentiation of hepatocytes, but the organ failed to expand and reached only 3% of normal size. The apparent liver hypoplasia was not associated with a notable increase in apoptotic cells. Gut development also began normally, but the intestines failed to undergo extensive elongation and looping and reached only a quarter of normal length. The anemia resulted from a deficiency in the fetal form of hematopoiesis, which occurs in the liver, but no intrinsic defect in H1x(-/-) hematopoietic cells was observed in vitro, and liver-derived H1x(-/-) hematopoietic stem cells that were transplanted to irradiated normal mice could fully reconstitute hematopoiesis. The impaired fetal hematopoiesis therefore reflects insufficient support function provided by the minute liver. H1x is normally expressed in visceral mesenchyme lying adjacent to the developing liver and gut epithelia affected by the mutation, but not in the epithelia themselves. Hence, H1x regulates a mesenchymal-epithelial interaction that drives a vital growth phase in visceral organogenesis. Moreover, because mutation of H1x blocked liver growth but not its specification, early morphogenesis, or differentiation, development of this organ appears to occur by step-wise inductive interactions under separate genetic control.