Gemological characteristics and origin of the zhanguohong agate from beipiao, liaoning province, china: A combined microscopic, x-ray diffraction, and raman spectroscopic study

Abstract

The Zhanguohong agate from Beipiao (Liaoning province, China), which occurs in the intermediate–felsic volcanic breccias of the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation, generally shows massive and banded structures, with red, yellow, and/or white layers or zones. Little research has been done on its mineralogical and gemological characteristics or its genesis. In this study, we present petrographic and spectroscopic constraints on the mineral composition and micro-texture of the silica matrix, as well as the ferruginous inclusions within the agates, in order to deduce the origin of the Zhanguohong agate. According to the microscopic observations, sandwich-like interlayered micro-granular quartz, fibrous chalcedony, and jigsaw quartz bands are common in the banded agates. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopic analyses revealed that all of the samples were mainly composed of α-quartz and moganite, with minor hematite and goethite. The moganite content (17–54 wt%) of the silica matrix decreases by varying degrees from the outermost to the innermost part of the banded agates. The crystal defects and ferric iron in the microcrystalline silica grains probably contributed to the moganite crystallization. The red, yellow, and orange zones are rich in hematite, goethite, and their mixtures, respectively. The ore-forming fluids fluctuated between acidic and alkaline within a temperature range of 100–200◦ C and at a sustained positive Eh. Combined with the field observations, these results suggest that the multiperiod precipitation of the agates probably resulted from the episodic volcanic activity during the Early Cretaceous lithospheric extension in eastern China.