Diagnostic test accuracy of serum creatinine and cystatin C-based index for sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background: Sarcopenia is an important prognostic factor, but its optimal screening methods remain challenging. Several new indices developed based on serum creatinine (Cr) and cystatin C (CysC) have been proposed to be diagnostic biomarkers for sarcopenia screening. Objective: This review aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of serum Cr- and CysC-based indices for sarcopenia diagnosis. Methods: We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCIE and SCOPUS from inception to 2 April 2023. Methodological quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. A bivariate random-effects model was used to synthesise the pooled sensitivity, specificity and area under the curves of the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC-AUC). Results: We retrieved 936 publications and included 16 studies with 5,566 participants (mean age ranged: 51.0–78.4 years, 50.2% men). The prevalence of sarcopenia ranged from 7.8 to 69.5%. All included studies presented a moderate to high risk of bias. The serum Cr- and CysC-based indices showed moderate diagnostic accuracy for sarcopenia (pooled sensitivity: 0.67, 95% CI 0.57–0.75; pooled specificity: 076, 95% CI 0.67–0.83; pooled SROC-AUC: 0.78, 95% CI 0.74–0.81). The Cr/CysC ratio is the most widely studied index, followed by the Cr × eGFRcys index. Overall, both indicators had satisfactory and comparable performance in screening sarcopenia. Conclusion: Serum Cr- and CysC-based indices showed moderate diagnostic accuracy for sarcopenia. The most studied indices—the Cr/CysC ratio and Cr × eGFRcys index—had comparable diagnostic accuracy for evaluating sarcopenia and may serve as surrogate markers for sarcopenia. However, further validation is required to verify these findings.