Blood pressure reactivity to the cold pressor test predicts hypertension among Chinese adults: The GenSalt study

Abstract

BACKGROUND Blood pressure (BP) hyper-reactivity to the cold pressor test (CPT) has been suggested as a predictor of hypertension. We examined whether BP reactivity to the CPT was associated with hypertension incidence among the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Salt Sensitivity (GenSalt) study participants from China. METHODS A total of 1,961 GenSalt study participants without any antihypertensive treatment completed the CPT at the baseline examination. Hypertension status was assessed at baseline (2003-2005) and 2 follow-up visits (2008-2009 and 2011-2012). RESULTS After adjustment for multiple covariates, both systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP reactivity to the CPT were significantly associated with hypertension incidence. For example, the multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs, 95% CI) of developing hypertension were 0.92 (0.66, 1.29), 1.42 (1.03, 1.97), and 1.45 (1.05, 2.00) for participants with maximum SBP responses of 6.7-12.0, 12.1-19.2, and ≥19.3mm Hg, respectively, compared to those with responses of <6.7mm Hg (P for trend = 0.006). Likewise, the multivariable-adjusted ORs (95% CI) of hypertension were 1.12 (0.79, 1.57), 1.62 (1.15, 2.29), and 1.82 (1.30, 2.55) for participants with the area under the curve of SBP responses of 3.0-16.0, 16.1-29.9, and ≥ 30.0mm Hg·min, respectively, compared to those with responses of < 3.0mm Hg·min (P for trend = 0.0001). The associations between BP reactivity variables and the risk of hypertension were not different among subgroups of sex, age, and baseline BP levels. CONCLUSIONS BP hyperreactivity to the cold stimulus may predict the risk of hypertension among Chinese adults.