Evolution of the concept of competitiveness: a chronological review of the main theories and approaches

Abstract

This article offers a chronological overview of the ideas that have shaped the concept of competitiveness, with the aim of showing its evolution and how it has changed and found new applications over time. Through an in-depth review of the literature from the mid-20th century to the present, it explores classical foundations—such as neoclassical economics and the theory of comparative advantage—as well as recent approaches focused on innovation, intangible assets, sustainability, and a more systemic view of competitiveness. Throughout the analysis, key moments are identified that marked a shift in how the concept is understood: from a perspective focused solely on prices and productivity to more comprehensive models that also consider social, technological, and institutional factors. The study highlights how the concept has become increasingly interdisciplinary and emphasizes the need to adapt theoretical frameworks to the current challenges faced by both organizations and regions. This review aims to serve as a useful guide for those researching or working on sustainable economic development who wish to gain a deeper understanding of the conceptual foundations of competitiveness.