Nitrate Transport and Retention in Western European Catchments Are Shaped by Hydroclimate and Subsurface Properties

Abstract

Excess nitrogen (N) from anthropogenic sources deteriorates freshwater resources. Actions taken to reduce N inputs to the biosphere often show limited or only delayed effects in receiving surface waters hinting at large legacy N stores built up in the catchments' soils and groundwater. Here, we quantify transport and retention of N in 238 Western European catchments by analyzing a unique data set of long-term N input and output time series. We find that half of the catchments exhibited transport times with an average riverine concentration peak arriving 5 years after application. Longer transport times were evident in catchments with high potential evapotranspiration and low precipitation seasonality. On average the catchments retained 72% (Interquartile Range: 18%) of the N from diffuse sources with retention efficiency being specifically high in catchments with low discharge and thick, unconsolidated aquifers. The estimated transport time scales do not explain the observed N retention, suggesting a dominant role of biogeochemical legacy in the catchments' soils rather than a legacy store in the groundwater. Future water quality management should account for the accumulated biogeochemical N legacy by fostering denitrifying conditions or soil N recycling to avoid long-term leaching and water quality deteriorations for decades to come.