New Signaling Kid on the Block in the Endocrine System: The Role of Extracellular Vesicles

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in both normal and pathological physiology. These natural nanoparticles are now recognized as a novel mechanism for intercellular communication, allowing cells to exchange biologically active molecules such as microRNAs (miRNAs). As is well acknowledged, the endocrine system regulates bodily operations through the emission of various hormones. The discovery of EVs took place approximately 80 years after that of hormones; circulating EVs have attracted considerable interest and are expected to be a frontier in the endocrine system. Interestingly, the interplay between hormones and EVs is a complex phenomenon that involves both synergistic and antagonistic effects. Moreover, EVs facilitate communication between endocrine cells and contain miRNAs that may serve as valuable biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. This review aims to provide an overview of current research on physiological and pathological secretion of EVs from endocrine organs or tissues. Additionally, we examine the essential relationship between hormones and EVs in the endocrine system.