Halogen Bonding in Brominated BODIPY Crystals: a Crystallographic and Computational Study

Abstract

The study of halogen bonds (XBs) has been a subject of great interest in recent years due to its clear application in catalysis, liquid crystals, and crystal engineering. In this study, we analyzed the intermolecular interactions, in particular halogen bonds in BODIPYs with an increasing number of bromine atoms. The computational study included analyses through three different methods: the first approach of close contacts provided by mercury, then the expanded approach of the electron density partition of the molecules in the crystals provided by the analysis of Hirshfeld surfaces, and finally, the approach of the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QT-AIM) to characterize the non-covalent interactions through finding electron density critical points between atoms and between neighboring molecules. The use of different computational methods allowed to gain insight into the interactions directing the crystal packing as the number of bromine atoms increased in the BODIPY moiety. Monocoordinated and bifurcated halogen bonds involving halide/halide were found. The penta-brominated BODIPY showed four-center cyclic nodes where each node is linked via XBs. This kind of motif can be useful in supramolecular chemistry and self-assembly.