α-Helix 2 in the Amino-terminal Mad Homology 1 Domain Is Responsible for Specific DNA Binding of Smad3

Abstract

Smads, signal transducers of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily proteins, directly bind to DNA and regulate transcription of target genes. Smad3 binds to CAGA box, whereas Smad1 and Smad5 preferentially bind to GC-rich sequences. The β-hairpin loop in the amino-terminal Mad homology 1 (MH1) domain is the direct DNA-binding site of Smad3; however, the amino acid sequences of the β-hairpin loop of Smad3 and Smad1/5 are identical, suggesting that other regions may be responsible for the differential DNA binding of Smad3 and Smad1/5. To identify regions other than the β-hairpin loop responsible for specific DNA binding of Smad3, we generated chimeras containing various regions of Smad3 and Smad1. Luciferase assays using a TGF-β-responsive reporter (CAGA)9-MLP-Luc and gelmobility shift assays using 3xCAGA as a probe revealed that β-helix 2 (H2) in the amino-terminal part of the MH1 domain plays an important role in specific DNA binding and transcriptional activation of Smad3. Luciferase assays using natural TGF-β-responsive reporters also revealed the functional importance of H2 in the Smad3 MH1 domain in direct DNA binding. Smad3 thus binds to DNA directly through the β-hairpin loop, and H2 supports specific DNA binding of Smad3.