Platelet-derived growth factor induces the β-γ-secretase-mediated cleavage of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein through a Src-Rac-dependent pathway

Abstract

The β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) present in the senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease derives from the cleavage of a membrane protein, named APP, driven by two enzymes, known as β- and γ-secretases. The mechanisms regulating this cleavage are not understood. We have developed an experimental system to identify possible extracellular signals able to trigger the cleavage of an APP-Gal4 fusion protein, which is detected by measuring the expression of the CAT gene transcribed under the control of the Gal4 transcription factor, which is released from the membrane upon the cleavage of APP-Gal4. By using this assay, we purified a protein contained in the C6 cell-conditioned medium, which activates the cleavage of APP-Gal4 and which we demonstrated to be PDGF-BB. The APP-Gal4 processing induced by PDGF is dependent on the γ-secretase activity, being abolished by an inhibitor of this enzyme, and is the consequence of the activation of a pathway downstream of the PDGF-receptor, which includes the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src and the small G-protein Rac1. These findings are confirmed by the observation that a constitutively active form of Src increases Aβ generation and that, in cells stably expressing APP, the generation of Aβ is strongly decreased by the Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2.