Vitamin d status and bone mineral density is influenced by vitamin d supplementation and vitamin k1 intake in adults with diabetes and chronic kidney disease

Abstract

Purpose: Patients with diabetes (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk for suboptimal bone health. The study objective was to investigate the relationships between vitamin D (vitD), vitamin K1 (vitK1), and calcium intake with bone mineral density (BMD) and vitamin D status in an ambulatory population with DM and CKD. Methods: Adults (age 18–80 years; n = 62) with DM and CKD (stages 1–4) were recruited from the Northern Alberta Renal Program. Primary outcome variables included vitD, vitK1, and calcium intake; serum 25 (OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D; and BMD as measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Statistical significance was determined at P < 0.05. Results: Participants met the estimated average requirement or adequate intake for vitD, vitK1, and calcium intake in 73% (n = 45), 66% (n = 39), and 52% (n = 31), respectively, with a combined intake of micronutrient supplementation and diet. Participants had serum 25 (OH)D concentrations ≥75 nmol/L (n = 41), normal BMDs (n = 48), and 66% (n = 41/62) were taking vitD supplements (>1000 IU/D). BMD was positively influenced by serum 25(OH)D. However, serum 25(OH) ≥100 nmol/L was associated with lower BMD (absolute and T-scores) for whole-body and spine (P ≤ 0.05). VitK1 intake (≥200 μg/day) was associated with higher whole-body and femoral–neck BMDs (absoluteand T-scores; P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: VitD status and BMD in adults with DM and CKD was influenced by vitD supplementation and vitK1 intake.