Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A population-based cohort study using a sibling-comparison design

Abstract

Background: High maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) is associated with increased risk of offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the role of unmeasured familial confounding for this association remains unclear. Methods: We conducted a population-based cohort study via linkage of Swedish national and regional registers to investigate maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (underweight: BMI <18.5; overweight: 25 ≤ BMI <30; obesity: BMI ≥30) in relation to offspring ADHD. We followed 673 632 individuals born in Sweden between 1992 and 2000, with prospectively collected information on maternal prepregnancy BMI, until they received an ADHD diagnosis or ADHD medication, death, emigration or 31 December 2009. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated by Cox proportional hazards models. Stratified Cox proportional hazards models were applied to data on full siblings to control for unmeasured familial confounding. Results: At the population level, pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity was associated with increased risk of offspring ADHD (HRoverweight=1.23, 95% CI=1.18-1.27, P=0.01; HRobesity=1.64, 95% CI=1.57-1.73, P=0.01), after adjustment for measured covariates. In full sibling comparisons, however, previously observed associations no longer remained (HRoverweight=0.98, 95% CI=0.83-1.16, P=0.82; HRobesity=1.15, 95% CI=0.85-1.56, P=0.38). Conclusions: The results suggested that the association between maternal prepregnancy overweight/obesity and offspring ADHD could be ascribed to unmeasured familial confounding. © The Author 2013; all rights reserved.