Tetraphenylethene-Based Fluorescent Chemosensor with Mechanochromic and Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) Properties for the Selective and Sensitive Detection of Hg2+and Ag+Ions in Aqueous Media: Application to Environmental Analysis

Abstract

It is critical to design a novel and simple bifunctional sensor for the selective and sensitive detection of ions in an aqueous media in environmental samples. As a result, in this study, tetraphenylethene hydrazinecarbothioamide (TPE-PVA), known as probe 1, was successfully synthesized and characterized as having impressive photophysical phenomena such as aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and mechanochromic properties by applying mechanical force to the solid of probe 1. The emission of the solid of probe 1 changed from turquoise blue to lemon yellow after grinding, from lemon yellow to parakeet green after annealing at 160 °C, and to arctic blue after fuming with DCM. Such characteristics could lead to a variety of applications in several fields. The probe was implemented and demonstrated remarkable selectivity and sensitivity toward mercury(II) and silver(I) ions by substantially switching off emission over other cations. Following an extensive photophysical analysis, it was discovered that detection limits (LOD) as low as 0.18344 and 0.2384 μg mL-1 for Hg2+ and Ag+, respectively, are possible with a quantum yield (φ) of 2.26. Probe 1 was also explored as a Hg2+ and Ag+ paper strip-based sensor and kit for practical use. The binding mechanisms of probe 1 (TPE-PVA) with Hg2+ and Ag+ were confirmed by 1H NMR titration. These results could lead to the development of reliable onsite Hg2+ and Ag+ fluorescent probes in the future.