High-frequency, low-energy organic event-based sensors for closed-loop neurostimulation

Abstract

Event-based bioelectronic sensors enable real-time detection and modulation of neural activity. However, conventional silicon interfaces are rigid and energy intensive, whereas organic electrochemical neuron (OECN)-based sensors, though promising, have been limited by slow firing rates, high energy use and scalability challenges. Here we present an OECN-based sensor capable of rapid, energy-efficient neural signal detection for closed-loop neurostimulation. These event-driven sensors respond within ~1 ms and generate voltage pulses up to 1.1 kHz, covering the full bandwidth of mammalian neuronal activity (0.5–1,000 Hz) while consuming only ~40 pJ per spike. Accurate detection of hippocampal interictal epileptiform discharges is demonstrated. Integrated with microelectrodes, these OECN-based sensors enable closed-loop neuromodulation by delivering real-time stimulation to suppress pathological sleep spindle oscillations in vivo. Combining biorealistic operation with ultra-low energy use, OECN-based sensors are good candidates for the next generation of implantable bioelectronics in energy-constrained environments.