Impact of medium-sized wind turbines on birds: a survey on flight behaviour, victims, and disturbance

Abstract

In the autumn and winter of 1983/1984, a study was made on the possible danger of medium-sized wind turbines (tower height 10-30 m, rotor diameter 7-25 m, power 50-300 kW) to birds. The main points studied were flight behav­ iour of birds approaching turbines in daylight, and number of birds killed at night. Some attention was paid to possible loss of breeding and feeding habitat around present sites of turbines.