A Green Demand-Responsive Airport Shuttle Service Problem with Time-Varying Speeds

Abstract

This study proposes a multiobjective mixed integer linear programming (MOMILP) model for a demand-responsive airport shuttle service. The approach aims to assign a set of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) located at different depots to visit each demand point within the specified time and transport all of them to the airport. The proposed model effectively captures the interactions betweenpath selection and environmental protection. Moreover, users with flexible pick-up time windows, the time-varying speed of vehicles on the road network, and the limited fuel for the route duration are also fully considered in this model. The work aims at simultaneously minimizing the operating cost, vehicle fuel consumption, and CO2 emissions. Since this task is an NP-hard problem,a heuristic-based nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is also presented to find Paretooptimal solutions in a reasonable amount of time. Finally, a real-world example is provided to illustrate the proposed methodology. The results demonstrate that the model not only selects an optimaldepot for each AFV but also determines its route and timetable plan. A sensitivity analysis is alsogiven to assess the effect of early/late arrival penalty weights and the number of AFVs on the model performance, and the difference in quality between the proposed and traditional models is compared.