Émergence, norme et variation dans les langues des signes : Vers une redéfinition notionnelle

Abstract

The impressive documentation now available shows that the status of signed languages (SL) as linguistic systems is undisputable. However, the recognition of SL as full fledged human languages is largely based on one major tenet : that SL share all the structural and cultural features of vocal languages (VL), hence can be 'assimilated' to VL. In this article we show how this tenet is more often an a priori statement rather than the result of solidly grounded research. We highlight two major pitfalls of much past and current studies that are especially relevant for a clearer understanding of SL emergence, norms and variation. (1) Inappropriate data selection : most descriptions are based on 'native signers', disregarding the highly relevant fact that more than 90 % of deaf individuals who use a SL as their primary language are born within hearing families, and do not learn the language from their parents. (2) The lack of appropriate notations for representing SL form-meaning patterns, and the problems this poses for rigorous analyses and descriptions. We clarify and discuss the limitations of current models of SL inspired by an "assimilationist? perspective. We propose one alternative semiological model, grounded on empirical research, which provides a more comprehensive description of SL and of their specific features (iconicity, channel engendered features). We show how the findings on SL : (a) demand that some of foundational constructs of structural linguistics (e.g. the principle of radical arbitrariness, and of the form-substance independence) be re-discussed and redefined ; (b) suggest that SL can function as 'privileged analyzers' of the human linguistic faculty. Copyright 2010 Maison des sciences de l'homme. All rights reserved.