Internet Censorship in Authoritarian Contexts: A Case Study of Kazakhstan

Abstract

This article explores the mechanisms and actors of internet censorship in Kazakhstan, situating the case within broader frameworks of digital authoritarianism. Drawing on qualitative research methods, including semi-structured interviews with 17 informants and thematic analysis, the study uncovers a deeply institutionalised and multifaceted censorship regime. Kazakhstani authorities employ a dual strategy encompassing digital tools, such as website blocking, internet shutdowns, throttling, and bot-driven manipulation, and administrative resources, including state procurement, journalist accreditation restrictions, informal directives, and direct interventions. The censorship system is coordinated by a hierarchical network of state actors, led by the Administration of the President of Kazakhstan and implemented through the Ministry of Culture and Information. The findings highlight how, rather than fostering political participation or free expression, the internet in Kazakhstan operates as a tightly regulated space that serves authoritarian governance objectives. This research contributes to the understanding of contemporary digital authoritarianism, providing insights into the evolving nature of state power and information control in authoritarian contexts.