Prediksi Tinggi Muka Air (TMA) Untuk Deteksi Dini Bencana Banjir Menggunakan SVR-TVIWPSO

Abstract

Advertisements for new cars often show drivers racing along an open road, luxuriating in the comfort and phenomenal speed of the car. There are no other cars about, no backseat drivers, and no children crying, "Are we there yet?" The reality of driving can be very different. Driving is often done in small cars with restricted space and difficult passengers. The environment is frequently noisy because of horns honking and the din of traffic. Attentional overload because of the complexity of modern cars may also create stress. There are often time restrictions: getting to work on time, picking up children, or making it to appointments. Many roads are congested, under repair, or closed altogether. There are strict performance demands - we must pay attention, avoid accidents, and cope with some other drivers' wrath. Driving in heavy rain and in the winter in northern countries creates more stress. Drivers are usually immobile and cannot get out, especially on freeways. Driving can also be dangerous because traffic lights change quickly and other drivers tailgate, cut in and out, or express their anger in other ways. Many roads in or around cities are congested, and the levels of congestion are increasing in most North American cities. Highway building has not kept pace with car ownership. In North America, there are, on average, two vehicles per family, whereas there was only one vehicle per family for the previous generation. People are spending longer times in their cars and making longer commutes to work or school. Hence, they expose themselves to greater stress on the road. Driving is often seen as stressful and difficult. In a recent Canadian study, 55% of drivers said that some of their driving was stressful and 15.7% said that half or more was stressful. Approximately 75% said that half or more of their driving was on busy roads and approximately 50% said that most or all of it was on busy roads. Considerable research shows that most drivers find driving on congested roads to be more stressful. Some drivers have physical limitations that make driving more stressful for them. These include people with arthritis, with neurological or serious psychological problems, and who are elderly or disabled. Cars are not well designed to suit the needs of such people, and driving demands are difficult for them to fulfill. Elderly people often stop driving for physical or psychological reasons. However, the loss of driving capabilities often causes more stress and…